专题：跨国企业在中国

新浪财经ESG评级中心提供包括资讯、报告、培训、咨询等在内的14项ESG服务，助力上市公司传播ESG理念，提升ESG可持续发展表现。点击查看【ESG评级中心服务手册】

文 | 新浪财经 李欣然

在当前全球格局深刻调整、科技创新与绿色转型交织并进的时代背景下，中国与欧盟作为世界两大重要经济体，其互动与合作不仅关乎双边关系，也对全球产业链重构、气候治理和数字经济发展具有深远影响。面对地缘政治变局、供应链韧性挑战以及人工智能等新兴技术带来的变革，中欧双方如何在竞争与合作中寻找平衡点，成为关注的焦点。

为此，新浪财经对话了欧洲商业联合会（BusinessEurope）总干事 Markus J. Beyrer，围绕绿色转型、AI治理、供应链调整以及中欧经贸关系前景等核心议题，分享其对欧盟政策取向、企业战略应对以及双边合作路径的洞察与思考。

欧洲商业联合会（BusinessEurope）总干事 Markus J. Beyrer

以下为对话原文：

新浪财经：在地缘政治局势紧张与能源转型的双重压力下，您觉得欧盟政策应如何在提升企业竞争力与加速绿色转型之间取得平衡？在您看来，将环境和社会因素纳入企业发展战略是否能为企业带来积极的回报？

Markus J. Beyrer：绿色转型始终是欧盟的优先事项，欧洲企业也致力于在这一进程中发挥关键作用。欧洲需要一套既能鼓励和支持企业践行可持续发展，又能维护其全球竞争力的政策框架。若缺乏有利的政策环境，企业面临的监管负担加重可能导致合规成本上升，最终加剧碳泄漏和投资外流。要保持经济持续增长，就必须维护具有竞争力的工业体系——这是确保转型成功的重要基石。

在这一背景下，中国等主要贸易伙伴发挥着重要作用。中国对雄心勃勃的脱碳议程的承诺，对于确立高标准引领全球转型至关重要。欧盟在制定自身脱碳目标的同时，也推出了零毁林法案（EU Deforestation Regulation）和碳边境调节机制（CBAM）等多项法规，要求进口产品符合同等标准，以期激励贸易伙伴提升可持续性水平，同时防范环境风险外移。欧洲商业联合会认为，欧盟应与中国等国际伙伴保持密切沟通协作，确保这些政策在实现正当目标的同时，避免给贸易关系带来不必要的摩擦。但必须指出的是，为维护欧洲工业竞争力，仍需解决清洁技术制造和能源密集型产业领域公平竞争环境存在的失衡问题。

新浪财经：当前，AI是很多国家关注的重点。欧盟《人工智能法案》力图在创新与监管间取得平衡。您认为AI将如何重塑并影响商业？企业可采取哪些措施把握AI时代的机遇、避免落后？您如何看待中欧在AI领域的商业合作前景？

Markus J. Beyrer：欧盟《人工智能法案》是重大进展，但需注意的是，AI综合法案（AI Omnibus）尚未通过，因此企业仍在一定程度的监管不确定性中运作。

尽管如此，AI无疑将重塑商业生态，尽管其影响规模与具体时机仍不明确。我们目前观察到的并非大规模劳动力替代，而是不同规模企业间的应用差异。例如，欧洲投资银行（EIB）近期研究表明，AI应用使欧盟劳动生产率提升约4%，但应用率差异显著——大企业约为45%，而中小企业仅为24%。值得注意的是，这些生产率提升似乎来自资本投入而非裁员。

对企业（尤其是中小企业）而言，核心战略问题在于：这种生产率提升是固定效应，还是能随应用深化持续增长？初始投资成本能否切实收回？普华永道最新CEO调查反映了这种不确定性：许多CEO担忧企业数字化速度不足，尽管约三分之一企业报告获得了些许的财务收益，仅12%的CEO表示AI目前带来了显著的成本节约或收入回报。

在此环境下，企业最重要的举措之一是投资于人——特别是通过提升技能与培训，使员工能与AI高效协同工作。这也正是中欧合作的潜在领域：双方在AI应用落地、工业场景实践与人才发展方面均具备强大且互补的能力优势。

新浪财经：当前，许多欧盟企业正在重新评估其全球供应链战略。在此国际环境下，企业应如何增强供应链韧性？您如何看待全球经济与商业合作的未来趋势？

Markus J. Beyrer：贸易仍然是推动全球经济增长、促进创新、创造优质就业机会以及提供价格更可及的商品与服务的关键力量。然而，七十年前建立国际贸易秩序的前提正受到根本性挑战。欧洲企业依然坚信基于规则的贸易体系——中国也从中获益良多。但现行规则未能应对诸如贸易依赖武器化、出口管制扩大化及其他贸易限制措施等挑战。

这些措施扰乱了供应链，导致成本上升、关键物资交付延迟甚至生产停滞。企业对其供应链中的此类风险认知日益加深，并相应调整经营与管理策略。供应链多元化正是应对举措之一，企业正逐步减少对单一或少数供应商的依赖，以增强供应韧性、降低风险敞口。

对于欧盟而言，我们正优先推动双边贸易协定，以此促进贸易和投资流向多元化，建立稳定且可预测的法律框架，并发展能够开辟新合作机遇的伙伴关系。这有助于增强供应链韧性，并在多边层面推动解决现有问题，实现贸易规则的更新发展。

新浪财经：中国多年来一直是欧盟重要的贸易伙伴，但双方关系也面临着一些挑战。您如何看待未来中欧经贸关系的走向？在您看来，欧洲企业在中国市场运营的主要机遇和挑战是什么？对于希望深化在华合作的欧洲企业，您会给出哪些建议？

Markus J. Beyrer：中欧之间的经贸关系近年来呈现出一些结构性变化，这引起了欧洲企业的关注。当前，中国的供给侧增长模式与内需不足使得部分领域出现产能过剩的现象。这一状况不仅对全球供应链带来了一定压力，也引发了对该模式公平性与长期可持续性的讨论。在此背景下，预计欧洲会继续采取相应措施，以增强本土产业的韧性与竞争力，从而应对全球贸易环境中的挑战。欧盟已逐步建立起一系列政策工具箱，包括通过贸易合作推动供应链的多元化，以及在关键原材料等领域促进本土化生产能力。

尽管存在上述挑战，欧中仍应开展建设性合作，共同应对气候变化、绿色与数字化转型、世贸组织改革等全球性议题。举例而言：在气候变化领域，随着欧中各自推进脱碳进程，双方既有合作空间也有潜力发挥全球引领作用；在世贸组织改革方面，2026年3月世贸组织将举行第十四届部长级会议，中国需要展现出更高远的目标，推动建立适应21世纪需求的多边贸易体系。

以下为英文原文：

Q: Amidst geopolitical tensions and the dual pressures of energy transition, how should EU policies strike a balance between enhancing corporate competitiveness and accelerating the green transformation? In your view, does integrating environmental and social considerations into corporate development strategies generate positive returns for businesses?

A: The green transition remains a priority for the EU, and European business is committed to playing its essential role in enabling it. Europe needs an approach that encourages and supports businesses in adopting sustainable practices while maintaining their global competitiveness. Without an enabling framework, an increased regulatory burden on companies can lead to further compliance costs that ultimately encourage carbon and investment leakage. Maintaining a competitive industry that fosters economic growth is essential to make sure that we have a successful transition.

In this context major trading partners like China play an important role. China's commitment to an ambitious decarbonisation agenda is fundamental to ensure that we set high standards for others to follow. Having set ambitious decarbonisation goals for itself, the EU has also introduced multiple pieces of legislation such as the Deforestation Regulation and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) which apply similar standards on imports from our partners, in the hopes of encouraging them to increase their sustainability efforts while preventing the risk of environmental leakage. BusinessEurope believes the EU should maintain close engagement and cooperation with international partners like China to ensure that these initiatives accomplish their legitimate goals without creating unnecessary friction in our trading relationship. Imbalances in the level playing field in clean tech manufacturing and energy intensive industries must nevertheless be addressed in order to maintain European industrial competitiveness.

Q: Currently, AI is a key focus for many countries. The EU's Artificial Intelligence Act seeks to strike a balance between innovation and regulation. How do you believe AI will reshape and impact business? What steps can companies take to seize the opportunities of the AI era and avoid falling behind? Do you see prospects for business collaboration between China and Europe in the field of AI?

A: The EU's AI Act is a major step forward but it’s important to note that the AI Omnibus (simplification package) has not yet passed, so businesses are still operating in a degree of regulatory uncertainty.

That said, AI will undoubtedly reshape business, even if the scale and timing remain uncertain. What we are seeing so far is not mass worker displacement, but uneven adoption across firm sizes.

For example, recent European Investment Bank research shows that AI adoption increases labour productivity by about 4% in the EU, yet adoption rates differ sharply, from around 45% among large firms compared to only 24% among small firms. Importantly, these productivity gains appear to come from capital investment rather than layoffs.

The strategic question for firms, especially smaller ones, is whether this productivity gain is a fixed effect or whether it can grow as adoption deepens, and if the initial investment costs can realistically be recovered. PwC's latest CEO survey reflects this uncertainty: while many CEOs worry about whether their firms are digitalising fast enough, only 12% say AI is currently delivering clear cost or revenue returns, even though about a third report some financial gains.

Given this environment, one of the most important steps companies can take is to invest in people, particularly through upskilling and training that allow employees to work effectively alongside AI. This is also where the potential for collaboration between Europe and China can emerge: specially in applied AI, industrial use cases, and workforce development, areas where both regions have strong but complementary capabilities.

Q: Against the backdrop of "de-risking" policies, many EU companies are reassessing their global supply chain strategies. In the current international climate, how should companies enhance the resilience of their supply chains? What is your perspective on the future trends of global economic and business cooperation?

A: Trade remains a key contributor to global growth, innovation, quality jobs, and the provision of goods and services at more accessible prices. However, the premises on which the international trade order was built 70 years ago are being fundamentally challenged. European companies continue to believe in a trading system based on rules, from which China has also benefited tremendously. However, current rules do not address challenges such as the weaponisation of dependencies in trade, expanding export controls and other trade restrictive measures.

These measures distort supply chains, leading to increased costs, delays in the delivery of critical materials and production stoppages. Companies are increasingly aware of these risks in their supply chains and take measures to adapt their business and management strategies accordingly. Diversification of supply is one of these responses, with companies moving away from one or few suppliers as a way to increase resilience of supply and reduce dependencies.

In the case of the EU, we are prioritising bilateral trade agreements as a way to diversify trade and investment flows, develop a stable legal framework that provides predictability to companies and build partnerships that can open new opportunities for cooperation. This can create more supply chain resilience and overcome existing problems at multilateral level to update trade rules.

Q: China has been a significant trading partner for the EU for many years running, yet the relationship faces certain challenges. What is your outlook on the future of China-Europe economic and trade relations? In your opinion, what are the key opportunities and challenges for European companies operating in the Chinese market? What advice would you give to European businesses seeking to deepen their cooperation in China?

A: The growing trade and economic imbalances between the EU and China are a cause of concern for European companies. China's supply-side growth model, built on extensive industrial support and weak domestic demand has led to overcapacities that distort supply chains and raise questions about fairness and the future sustainability of this model. In this respect, it should be expected that measures to protect domestic industry in Europe will also continue to be adopted to counterbalance the impact of China's export-oriented policy and to support the competitiveness of European businesses in an increasingly challenging global trading environment. The EU has developed tools and policies that can be deployed when required by the circumstances, such as trade defence, supporting diversification through trade agreements or promoting production in Europe, including in areas such as critical raw materials.

The challenges above should not prevent Europe and China from cooperating constructively to address global challenges such as climate change, the green and digital transition, or the reform of the World Trade Organisation. To offer a few examples: on climate change, there is room for cooperation and global leadership as both the EU and China advance their decarbonisation efforts. On the reform of the WTO, with the 14th Ministerial Conference taking place in March 2026, it is important for China to step up its ambition towards a multilateral trading system that is fit for the 21st century.

新浪财经ESG评级中心简介

新浪财经ESG评级中心是业内首个中文ESG专业资讯和评级聚合平台，致力于宣传和推广可持续发展，责任投资，与ESG（环境、社会和公司治理）价值理念，传播ESG的企业实践行动和榜样力量，推动中国ESG事业的发展，促进中国ESG评估标准的建立和企业评级的提升。

依托ESG评级中心，新浪财经发布多只ESG创新指数，为关注企业ESG表现的投资者提供更多选择。同时，新浪财经成立中国ESG领导者组织论坛，携手中国ESG领导企业和合作伙伴，通过环境、社会和公司治理理念，推动建立适合中国时代特征的ESG评价标准体系，促进中国资产管理行业ESG投资发展。